Technical Intelligence Bulletins July

Technical Intelligence Bulletins July - August 2001

Vol. 6 No. July - August 2001

A non-profit publication about the veterans of Technical Intelligence in war and peace,the current operations of the National Ground Intelligence Center, the Technical Intelligence Unit at Aberdeen Proving Ground and news items of interest to the technical intelligence community.

The 21st Century

The rocket fuel bit was very informative and is an area that I have enjoyed from childhood. The Nitric Acid - Hydrazine two part liquid rocket fuels have been used since the V-2s. They gave lots of power but were corrosive and toxic. These fuels are also self igniting so they needed to be handled carefully. Many years ago I was reading how the Soviets had perfected a similar fuel for the SS-25 but it was a one part storable liquid. Quite revolutionary as far as rocket fuel goes. The rumour was that the fuel was a combination of Red Fuming Nitric Acid and Kerosene with a stabilizer added to prevent self-ignition. It is likely that the stabilizer will deteriorate with time and the fuel will eventually ignite itself. To prevent this the fuel would have to be changed on a regular schedule.

When the Kursk blew up and everyone was giving their opinion I seem to remember the fiction writer Tom Clancy saying it was due to the fuel of a rocket fuel powered torpedo igniting. Tom Clancy is remarkable because he has more historical fact in his fiction than many of the eminent historians. It sure looks like he called this one right. There are many reasons to believe that these fish are underwater rockets and the Russians let the maintenance schedule slip a little too much. There is a lesson here for any government planning to radically reduce defence expenditures. Sent by: Murray B.

CIA SOFT ON CHINA? A TEAM / B TEAM COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE, AGAIN. For at least the third time, Congress has ordained that a panel of outside experts be given access to classified info in order to review CIA analysis of a particular topic. The first such episode took place in 1976 when a hawkish "B Team" under harvard historian Richard Pipes second guessed the CIA's analysts about Soviet's Cold War intentions and capabilities and concluded the CIA view was much too dovish. Several books and numerous journal articles have been published on that 1976 B Team, while the more recent episodes have so far resulted in no publications that I know of. The second B Team was formed 3 or 4 years ago under Donald Rumsfeld to second guess the CIA's finding that it would be 10 to 20 years before a ballistic missile threat to this country materialized. In that instance like the 1976 event, the B Team's analysis was much more hawkish and alarmist than the CIA's more benign views. And in both cases, critics, including CIA analysts, argued the "deck was stacked" by the choice of "super hawks" for the outside B Team. Well, the very same thing has happened again. A B Team has just reported that the CIA is taking much too benign a view of the Chinese threat -- and downplaying Chinese hostilities that could lead to war. This B Team was headed by retired Army Gen John Tilelli, a former commander of U.S. forces in Korea. It also included China scholars from academe and think tanks. [Whether the "deck was stacked" this time, I do not know but I would like to hear reader's views on that. --jdmac] Washington Times national security reporter, Bill Gertz, wrote the first article, below, on this matter. Gertz, of course, has a hard hitting book out just now about this, "The China Threat: How the People's Republic Targets America."

http://www.washtimes.com/national/20010706-82706.htm

WRITING IN YESTERDAY'S NY TIMES, WILLIAM SAFIRE expands on Gertz's A Team / B Team report and says, in essence that the Administration is kowtowing to China while the CIA is serving up distorted intelligence that facilitates the kowtow.

http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/09/opinion/09SAFI.html

HANSSEN PLEADS GUILTY, AVOIDS TRIAL. Plea bargain dealincludes life instead of death penalty [although Hanssen was in very little danger of being condemned to death] -- plus survivors benefit portion (about 55%) of Hanssen's FBI pension will go to his family. He will submit to 6 months of detailed espionage debriefings and, presumably, turn over any money or jewels he received from Russia. This saves govt the risk of having to expose classified info in court and also allows damage assessment -- best for all concerned. The debriefs will be carried out with a polygraph and if debriefers feel they are being deceived, they can cancel plea bargain.

http://www.washtimes.com/national/default-200174143346.htm

HANSSEN'S MOTIVES REMAIN A MYSTERY. Although Robert Hanssen accepted money and gemstones from the Russians, money does not seem to be a big factor in his spying. Nor was he a Marxist, or, it seems, was he angry with the FBI. Psychologists and psychiatrists working on the case are mostly puzzled about motive, but do note that Hanssen did not get along with his father (?), and that he seemed to take delight in successfully deceiving the entire US counterespionage apparatus -- the thrill of the chase in other words.

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37096-2001Jul9.html

NSC STAFF SENIOR DIRECTOR FOR INTELLIGENCE. National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice announced the appointment of Mary K. Sturtevant as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Intelligence Programs, NSC staff, effective July 9, 2001. Ms. Sturtevant comes to the NSC from the CIA, where she served in senior positions in the DO, the D/S&T, and as Agency Comptroller. In recent years, Ms. Sturtevant played a key role in the development of CIA's information operations program. Ms. Sturtevant also served as a senior staff member on the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, where she provided oversight of tactical military and national foreign intelligence and counterintelligence programs. Earlier in her career, Ms. Sturtevant worked as an analyst with CIA's DI and at the BDM Corporation on technology transfer and arms control issues. [Source: http://www.zgram.net]

VERNON LOEB'S BACK CHANNELS COLUMN tells us that the two "bottom up" reviews of the US intelligence community are getting underway. In May, President Bush ordered the reviews, one internal and one external; the reviews are to be completed by the end of September. Brent Scowcroft, former national security advisor, will head the outside panel which will include ADM David Jerimiah among its members. Joan Dempsey, the DDCI, will head the inside panel whose members will include the deputy directors of the various agencies. Also in this column: The House Appropriations Committee is cutting DOE security by some $19 million and criticizing DOE for "too much" security at the weapons labs. [How the pendulum swings! It wasn't long ago that Congress was lambasting DOE for lax security.]

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/politics/fedpage/A10809-2001Jul2.html

INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM ON THE DECLINE. "But the overall terrorist trend is down. According to the CIA, deaths from international terrorism fell to 2,527 in the decade of the 1990's, from 4,833 in the 80's. Nor are the United States and its policies the primary target. Terrorist activity in 2000 was heavily concentrated in just two countries — Colombia, which had 186 incidents, and India, with 63. The cause was these countries' own political conflicts." Why then all the concern? Partly, according to this op-ed, because "there are bureaucracies in the military and in intelligence agencies that are desperate to find an enemy to justify budget growth."

http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/10/opinion/10JOHN.html

US COAST GUARD IN SOUTHEAST ASIA TO TRAIN MARITIME FORCES TO COMBAT PIRACY. The USCG is training local maritime forces methods in SEA to combat piracy as the problem continues to dramatically increase in the region. Drawing on its experience battling drug smugglers and illegal immigrant traffickers, the Coast Guard is teaching skills ranging from boarding and searching suspected pirate ships to hand-to-hand combat. "The United States sees it as an increasing problem," Coast Guard anti-piracy team leader Lt. Michael Smith said Thursday. "We are trying to assume a larger role in combating it." [This is the kind of thing I would have expected Navy SEALS or Army Special Forces to do. --jdmac] (AP, 5July01)

MI5 CHIEF'S MEMOIRS CLEARED FOR PUBLICATION. Dame Stella Rimington, former Chief of the British security service, MI5, has been trying for months to get approval to publish her memoirs. The issue went clear up to Tony Blair with the result that the book will come out in September. Ultimately, Rimington had to cut or change a number of passages to reduce opposition for current ministers. [Compton]

http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/uk/newsid_1427000/1427234.stm

ESPIONAGE TRIALS TO BEGIN IN CHINA FOR US CITIZEN, RESIDENT. Li Shaomin, a US citizen and business school professor at the University of Hong Kong and Gao Zhan, a Scholar in Residence at American University in Washington, DC both are going on trial for espionage -- probably next week. There is some speculation the individuals will be convicted then kicked out of the country.

http://www.newshub.com/cgibin/rd.cgi?10892076

EP-3 ARRIVES IN GEORGIA -- IN PIECES.

http://www.cnn.com/2001/US/07/05/spy.plane.return/index.html

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT UPSET ABOUT "ECHELON," AGAIN.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4214840,00.html

FORTY-SIX US DIPLOMATS LEAVE MOSCOW AS ORDERED.

Forty-six staffers of the US embassy in Russia will have left the country by 1 July. Russia ordered the departures as a retaliatory step for the expulsion of the same number of Russians from the US when the Russian-American "spy war" surged in April.

http://www.rferl.org/securitywatch

FORMER BULGARIAN AMBASSADOR TO CANADA ACCUSED OF SPYING. [Jeremy Compton]

http://www.nationalpost.com/home/story.html?f=/stories/20010706/611048.html

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BOOKS & OTHER SOURCES

KEITH MELTON'S ESPIONAGE COLLECTION. As many of you know, Keith Melton, who has been collecting for some 30 years, has assembled the finest and most extensive private collection of "spy" paraphernalia anywhere. This Smithsonian article (July issue) takes you on a tour of his 7,000 piece collection of fascinating and historical artifacts.http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues01/jul01/spy.html

FORMER CIA DO OFFICER SAYS US COUNTERTERRORISM PROGRAM IS A "MYTH." Former case officer Ruel Marc Gerecht (author of a 1997 book, "Know Thine Enemy : A Spy's Journey into Revolutionary Iran," as well as the devastating "Edward Shirley" article in the February 1998 Atlantic Monthly, both of which heaped criticism on the CIA) has struck again. This article, in July/August 2001 issue of the Atlantic criticizes the Agency for not having native-speaking Non Official Cover case officers (NOC's) who can infiltrate moslem fundamentalist neighborhoods, villages and groups. He concludes from that, that the vaunted US war against terrorism is going nowhere. Excerpts follow: "Even a Muslim CIA officer with native-language abilities (and the Agency, according to several active-duty case officers, has very few operatives from Middle Eastern backgrounds) could do little more in this environment than a blond, blue-eyed all-American. Case officers cannot long escape the embassies and consulates in which they serve. A US official overseas, photographed and registered with the local intelligence and security services, can't travel much, particularly in a police-rich country like Pakistan, without the "host" services' knowing about it. An officer who tries to go native, pretending to be a true-believing radical Muslim searching for brothers in the cause, will make a fool of himself quickly."

".... The only effective way to run offensive counterterrorist operations against Islamic radicals in more or less hostile territory is with "non-official-cover" officers—operatives who are in no way openly attached to the US government. .... But as of late 1999 no program to insert NOCs into an Islamic fundamentalist organization abroad had been implemented, according to one such officer who has served in the Middle East. "NOCs haven't really changed at all since the Cold War," he told me recently. "We're still a group of fake businessmen who live in big houses overseas. We don't go to mosques and pray."

A former senior Near East Division operative says, "The CIA probably doesn't have a single truly qualified Arabic-speaking officer of Middle Eastern background who can play a believable Muslim fundamentalist who would volunteer to spend years of his life with shitty food and no women in the mountains of Afghanistan. .... The [Embassy] bulletins I saw last December advised US officials and their families to stay away from crowds, mosques, and anyplace else devout Pakistanis and Afghans might gather. The U.S. embassy in Islamabad, a fortress surrounded by roadblocks, Pakistani soldiers, and walls topped with security cameras and razor wire, strongly recommended a low profile—essentially life within the Westernized, high-walled Cantonment area or other spots where diplomats are unlikely to bump into fundamentalists. Such warnings accurately reflect the mentality inside both the Department of State and the CIA. Individual officers may venture out, but their curiosity isn't encouraged or rewarded. Unless one of bin Ladin's foot soldiers walks through the door of a U.S. consulate or embassy, the odds that a CIA counterterrorist officer will ever see one are extremely poor." [RECOMMENDED -- whether you agree with Mr Gerecht or not. --jdmac] [Lawrence Peter]

http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2001/07/gerecht.htm

http://www.theatlantic.com/cgi-bin/o/unbound/flashbks/spy.htm

H.Shukman, AGENTS OF CHANGE, (London, St Ermin's, 2000)

NEW ROBERT STEELE WHITE PAPER. The author of "ON INTELLIGENCE: Spies and Secrecy in an Open World," has released his newest White Paper, "The New Craft of Intelligence." Ending with 10 things the President "must do" to salvage the situation as well as a listing of the top 11 intelligence reform books published in the 1999 - 2001 period, the article runs 19pp in Word.

"The cruelest and most debilitating casualty of the Cold War was neither the economy of Russia nor the American military—it was and remains, U.S. intelligence—intelligence qua spies and secrecy, but also intelligence qua "Smart Nation." Since World War II, an otherwise clever nation has fallen prey to several erroneous premises, among them that intelligence demands secrecy; that technology is a fine substitute for thinking; that national security is primarily about force on force and state versus state; and that the crisis of the moment is a more worthy object for Presidential interest than long-term strategic trends in water, food, energy, demography, and culture—what our Native American forebears would call "seventh generation" thinking."

...................................

FIRST, the President must prevail in asserting that intelligence is about informing policy, not about collecting secrets.

SECOND, the President should adopt the recommendation of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and create a Technical Collection Agency but he should go two steps further and break a new Clandestine Service Agency out of the overly bureaucratized Central Intelligence Agency, while also converting the National Security Agency into the National Processing Agency, a single point where all imagery, signals, human intelligence, and open source intelligence can be sliced, diced, visualized, time stamped, and molded into usable grist for the all-source analysts and their consumers.

THIRD, the President should elevate the importance of analysis by refocusing the Central Intelligence Agency exclusively on analysis, renaming it the National Intelligence Agency.

FOURTH, the President must overcome the objections of those obsessed with secrecy (the producers of intelligence), as well as the objections of those too embarrassed to admit their internal deficiencies (the consumers of intelligence), and create a Global Knowledge Foundation funded at no less than $1.5 billion a year....

FIFTH, the President must understand that Embassies have become ineffective in the past few decades, and a dramatic restoration of our diplomatic representation as well as our ability to collect foreign overt information is required. Two initiatives are suggested: first, that each Embassy be reconstructed such that existing secure spaces are occupied by an inter-agency team of analysts, and provided with funds for the purchase of local knowledge under legal and ethical terms; and second, that each regional theater commander-in-chief be upgraded, with a diplomatic and trade counterpart, to establish "super - Embassies" capable of orchestrating the full range of U.S. policies and capabilities in their region.

SIXTH, the President must understand that American business is under attack from all sides and needs a structured defense. We should not steal secrets on behalf of American business, but we can at least provide for an effective common defense...

SEVENTH, the President must "localize" the proven process of intelligence by funding the establishment of state and local intelligence capabilities such that there is eventually a national network...

EIGHTH, the President must eliminate export restrictions on encryption....

NINTH, Ninth, we should be very cautious about sponsoring covert action (or "special activities") ....

TENTH, and last, the President must place much greater emphasis on the importance of "soft power" and the nurturing of favorable feelings toward America before threats emerge

http://www.oss.net/Papers/white/TheNewCraftofIntelligence.doc.

PENTAGON PAPERS PAGE AT NATIONAL SECURITY ARCHIVE.

Site contains briefs and judgment from Supreme Court case on the Pentagon Papers, the various versions of the papers that were subsequently published, excerpts from the memoirs of Nixon, Kissinger and Haldeman that deal with the Papers, and relevant audio tapes on the matter from the Nixon White House. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB48

___________________________ _______________________________________

1st Cavalry fields new Abrams SEP tanks, By Spc. Jonathan Del Marcus

(EXCERPT) FORT HOOD, Texas (Army News Service, July 18, 2001) - A battalion of the 1st Cavalry Division became the second unit in the Army last week to begin fielding the new Abrams M1A2 SEP (System Enhancement Program) main battle tank. Officials of the 1st Battalion,12th Cavalry Regiment, said the M1A2 SEP is among many new pieces of equipment that will add to the capability of digital connectivity to the division's arsenal by the end of fiscal year 2003. The most important characteristic of the Abrams M1A2 SEP that distinguishes it from its predecessor, the M1A2, is an embedded battle command that allows soldiers to communicate with each other within and across echelons to relay and share information, said Cathy Oldham, chief of force integration, 1st Cav. Div. This ability increases command and control as well as situational awareness on the battlefield, Oldham noted. "Unlike an analog system, all M1A2 SEP tank crews will have instant access to the latest information on battlefield conditions, and everyone will have a common operating picture through the use of the same graphics," said Maj. David Farlow, public affairs officer, 1st Cav. Div. The commander's display unit, or CDU, displays a map

showing terrain features with grids that show a tank's location, the location of the unit's tanks, and any known enemy locations or equipment, according to Sgt. Michael W. Steward, gunner, Co. A, 1-12 Cav. The CDU can also be used to send and receive e-mail messages. There is also a second-generation forward-looking infrared sight, with five different powers of magnification that displays the environment outside of the tank on the commander's independent thermal viewer, said Staff Sgt. Derek J. Hall, master gunner, Co. A, 1-12 Cav. "What the SEP tank will do...is give us the digital systems, what's called the Army battle command systems, so that tank crews will know where they are on the battlefield, where the rest of the formation is and where the enemy is. That's pretty powerful stuff," said Maj. Gen. David D. McKiernan, 1st Cav. Div. commander. Much of the anticipation for fielding the M1A2 SEP surely stems from one other new addition to

the tank, Hall said. The M1A2 SEP adds a new air conditioning system, an air-handling unit, that will bring the temperature inside the tank down 22 degrees from 110 degrees to 88 degrees, Hall added. This will add to the comfort of the crews, particularly in places like Texas, as well as possible deployments in other hot environments, said Spc. Marion Saunders, loader, Co. A, 1-12 Cav. Before crews were issued the new Abrams M1A2 SEP they had to turn in the previously used M1A2."It's not like going down to the Ford dealership, saying 'here's my old car, give me some trade in on it, and let me drive away in my new car,'" McKiernan said. "They had to do literally thousands of supply transactions." The next step for the Calvary unit is to begin training. "We'll start a fairly structured new equipment training program for about 50 days, and then we'll go into platoon, company and battalion-level training exercises. All of the time trying to hone the skills that we are going to need so we can employ the SEP tank to its full potential," McKiernan said. Not only are soldiers in 1-12 Cav. getting the chance to become one of the first to field the Army's newest equipment, four other brigades in the 1st Calvary Division will get the chance by the end of fiscal year 2003. In October 2nd Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment, will start fielding the new Bradley M2A3 and 2nd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment will draw the Abrams M1A2 SEP., By the end of fiscal year 2001 approximately 6,700 pieces of equipment will have changed hands within the division, said Maj. Frank Schneck, division XXI project officer. After the change has been made to outfit all of the tank units with the M1A2 SEP, the division will require fewer tanks to do the same job, Oldham said. (Editor's note: Spc. Jonathan Del Marcus is a member of the 1st Cavalry Division

Public Affairs Office ---------------------------Brooke Rowe

Associate LibrarianThe American War Library

THIS IS AN ALIAS FOR A CHAP IN CALIFORNIA WHO RUNS ALL SORTS OF SCAMS ON VETERANS SO TAKE THIS WITH A GRAIN OF SALT. WLH

"ECHELON" IN THE NEWS AGAIN. Having completed it's investigation into the so-called Echelon system, a European Parliament committee voted out a resolution that will be further considered in September. The resolution says, in essence, there is no evidence that Echelon is involved in industrial espionage. Nevertheless, the resolution goes on to say it's deplorable.

http://cryptome.org/echelon-epmr.htm

A MINORITY DISSENT argues that it's wrong to criticize the USA - BRITISH Echelon system when the EU does, or is preparing to do, the same things.

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/process/eu_dissent.html

CLOSING OF NSA'S BAD AIBLING STATION CASUALTY OF ECHELON HYSTERIA? That's what is hinted at in this article which also says the closing is part of a behind the scenes struggle between the US and Germany with Britain in the middle.

http://cryptome.org/eu-intel-fight.htm

R JAMES WOOLSEY REFUTES EU ECHELON CHARGES. With especially strong and persuasive words, the former DCI attacks the EU for the industrial espionage activities against the US by France and other EU members. Woolsey's rebuttal can be heard by listening to this streaming video from the Council on Foreign Relations. [Verton]

http://www.cfr.org/p/pubs/CIA_5-23-01_Vid.html

PUNDIT REVEALS CONFIDENTIAL SOURCE: ROBERT HANSSEN. In a remarkable column, conservative pundit Robert Novak reveals that spy Robert Hanssen was the source of 1997 column. That column told of a senior FBI agent, Ray Wickman, who had resigned in protest rather than turn over the names of his Chinese agents to the Justice Dept. (Washington Post, 12July01)

http://www.suntimes.com/output/novak/cst-edt-novak12.html

CIA CAUGHT IN BETWEEN CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES. The CIA has been taken to task in hearings before two subcommittees of the House Government Reform Committee. The subcommittees are investigating how ready the Executive Branch is defend it's computer systems against cyberwar attacks. Of the many Federal Govt offices queried by the subcommittees, only the CIA refused to cooperate, send anyone to testify or answer questions of the committee. At issue was not computer security but where the oversight jurisdiction of the House intelligence committee (HPSCI) ends. The HPSCI and the DCI both take the position that House oversight of the CIA and other intelligence activities is the responsibility of the HPSCI and is essentially off limits to other committees. In this case, Rep Porter Goss (R-FL), chairman of the HPSCI [and an AFIO member] evidently asked the DCI to refuse to cooperate with the Govt Reform committee. In complying with Rep Goss's request, the DCI antagonized the other committee. The first URL below has responses to the hearings. The second is a new GAO study on the issue.

http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2001_hr/index.html#oversight

http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?gao-01-975t http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/09/opinion/09SAFI.html

NOW "US NEWS & WORLD REPORT" is reporting that the National Intelligence Council (NIC) has just "fired" the RAND Corporation from a contract to study the Chinese threat because the RAND study was heading towards a conclusion intelligence community officials did not want to hear -- that there was not much threat from China. But the DCI and the CIA feel heat from Congressmen who think China is a big threat, so an outside study saying China was indeed a big threat would perhaps placate Congress and get them off the DCI's back. Now, according to the article, the NIC is shopping for a new contractor with a more alarming view of the Chinese threat.

http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/010723/world/china.htm

NSA WAS DISRUPTED BY "I LOVE YOU" VIRUS LAST YEAR. This shows up in one of Robert Hanssen's e-mail messages to his Russian handlers. A number of those e-mails are published in the July 16 issue of "Insight Magazine."

http://www.insightmag.com/archive/200107321.shtml

US EMBASSY SECURITY IMPROVEMENTS. So far, the State Dept has spent some $3 billion on security upgrades in the aftermath of 2 embassy bombings in Africa 3 years ago. The upgrades include shatter-proof windows, high-tech screening devices and plainclothes surveillance teams at embassies around the world.

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A35481-2001Jul22.html

RUSSIA TO LAUNCH FRENCH SPY SATELLITES FROM FRENCH SPACE CENTER. (RFE/RL, 10 July 2001) "Le Monde" reported an agreement to allow Russia to launch rockets from the French space center at Kourou, Guyana, calls for Russia to carry two French spy satellites of the Helios-2 class into orbit. The paper said that this agreement highlights the new level of trust between Russian and European space agencies because the information obtained will be shared. http://www.rferl.org/newsline/search

SEAL SUB BUBBLES WON'T GO AWAY. The British Defense, Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA) will take delivery of a special US "sub-boat" later this month in an attempt to solve the problem of underwater "signature" which has prevented the vessel from being deployed for operational use by US Navy "SEALs". Originally commissioned by the Pentagon in the early 1980s, the boats have never become operational because of the bubble signature they leave when submerged. With a two-man crew, and a complement of four lightly-armed SEALs, plus explosives, the vessel reportedly has a surface speed of over 200mph and is powered by an outboard motor

which "folds away" to allow the boat to submerge to a depth of 10 meters, switching to a hydrojet system to move silently underwater. The problem is that the hydrojet system leaves a trail of bubbles and disturbs the surface, making it easy to track, if spotted. The Pentagon has spent tens of millions of dollars and waited patiently for almost two decades for US scientists to solve the problem without success. Now, the British DERA has been asked to try to find a solution. [Intelligence, N387, 9Jul01, p2]

FLETCHER PROUTY DIES. A World War II pilot and intelligence officer, Prouty became the focus of many conspiracy theories. In 1973, he published "The Secret Team - The CIA and its Allies" in which he claimed that the Cold War was just a "cover story" which allowed certain military and intelligence "elements" to pursue a covert agenda worldwide on behalf of the interests of a "high cabal" of industrialists and bankers. His views were represented by "Colonel X" -- played by Donald Sutherland -- in Oliver Stone's film, "JFK". In 1986, he published "JFK - The CIA, Vietnam and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy" in which he claimed that Kennedy's hostility to the CIA following the Bay of Pigs fiasco, and his determination to shatter the agency "into a thousand pieces" (beginning with the firing of CIA director, Allen Dulles), and the president's plan to withdraw all US troops and military advisors from Vietnam by 1965, led to his assassination. [Intelligence, N387, 9Jul01]

BOOKS & OTHER SOURCES

ETHICS AND ESPIONAGE. This 6-year old journal article from the "Journal of Conflict Studies" is probably the best essay I have read on this difficult and provocative subject. No real answer emerges, but the article does do a good job of covering the many dilemmas involved. The author, David Perry, is a 40-something scholar who directs the ethics program at Santa Clara University. He apparently has no experience in government himself. [Recommended --jdmac]

http://home.earthlink.net/~davidlperry/covert.htm

MI5 WORLD WAR II HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS. This is the seventh and largest Security Service release, consisting of approximately 200 files, bringing the total number of MI5 records in the Public Record Office to 919. As with previous releases, the bulk of records are personal files, relating to agents, double agents, intelligence officers and renegades, or those under suspicion of being so, the large proportion of which relate to Germany during the period 1939-45.

http://www.pro.gov.uk/releases/july2001/secser1.htm

CIA FROM CARTER TO CLINTON: WHAT'S CHANGED? WHAT'S NEXT? Four former DCI's -- Turner, Webster, Woolsey, Deutch -- appear before the Council on Foreign Relations and discuss the CIA and the intelligence community. The May 23rd Videoconference and be viewed by going to the website below.

http://www.cfr.org/p/pubs/CIA_5-23-01_Vid.html

WHEN SECRET PLANES CRASH, FROM THE U-2 TO F-117. Writing in Air Force magazine, Jeffrey Richelson discusses how the govt has handled questions when secret aircraft have crashed.

http://www.afa.org/magazine/July2001/0701secrets.html

EARLY INTELLIGENCE RECORD OF NAZI HOLOCAUST. Documents declassified under the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act of 1998 are shedding new light on what the American and British intelligence communities knew of Hitler’s plans for the Jews early in World War II. By March 20, 1942, a surreptitiously obtained document appears in the files of the United States Coordinator of Information (COI), a predecessor to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and the Central Intelligence Agency. The document is a translated copy of a dispatch filed by a Chilean diplomat on November 24, 1941, which the COI received some time later from British intelligence. It discusses the Nazi intent to eradicate European Jewry. [Aftergood]

http://www.fas.org/sgp/news/2001/07/iwg070201.html

BAMFORD BOOK, "BODY OF SECRETS." James Bamford's second book about the NSA is one of the most important additions to intelligence literature this year -- if not the most important.

+ TICOM was a post WW2 program using German sigint against the Soviet union + HOMERUN was another post WW2 program whereby American RB-47 jet reconnaissance (ferret) bombers penetrated Soviet airspace - en mass on at least one occasion.

+ A lengthy section on Vietnam provides details of North Vietnamese sigint successes against the US

+ NSA, according to Bamford, predicted the Vietcong's Tet offensive. Gen Westmoreland did not listen until almost too late. Nevertheless, Westmoreland did order a number of last minute defensive measures, and Bamford credits Sigint with "saving" Saigon during Tet.

+ The first American soldier killed in Vietnam was a Sigint'r,

Spec 4 James Davis, was killed in action in Dec 1961 -- some 3 years before US combat troops arrived in country.

+ ECHELON, Bamford explains, is a software program whereby the US, Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand can share the "take" from each other's sigint efforts. The Echelon software uses "watch lists" containing keywords, names, phrases, telephone and fax numbers, to select out from millions of intercepts those of interest to one or more of the five countries and route their distribution accordingly. The system, according to Bamford (and everything else I know about it) has nothing to do with industrial espionage or economic spying, which has mistakenly caused hysteria in the EU.

+ There is an illuminating discussion of the NSA's hush-hush SCS, the Special Collection Service. The SCS is responsible for clandestine SIGINT -- placing antennas near a hard to hear targets, and such.

+ According to the book, any intercept that inadvertently contains the voice or message communication of a US government official must be destroyed immediately -- apparenlty that is true even if the official was talking to Osama bin Laden or some other "watch listed" target.

+ NSOC no longer stands for National Sigint Operations Center. The name has been changed to National Security Operations Center, apparently in deference to NSA's other mission, cryptology.

USS LIBERTY. The bloody 1967 Israeli attack on the American SIGINT ship, the USS Liberty, gets more than 50 pages of highly controversial coverage by Bamford, who reveals some new information and fervently concludes the attack was deliberate. That conclusion is hotly disputed by Michael Oren in the latest issue of THE NEW REPUBLIC ("Unfriendly Fire," 23 July). The Oren rebuttal, which I have not seen, is point by point and apparently quite devestating to Bamford's thesis. The Oren rejoinder, which cites some of Bamford's sources as disavowing his interpretation, is, unfortunately, not available on-line, but here is another Oren piece on the matter. http://www.shalem.org.il/azure/9-Oren.htm

· Craig Eisendrath (editor), National Insecurity: U.S. Intelligence After the Cold War (Temple UPress, 1999), 296 pages.

Raymond Garthoff, "A Journey through the Cold War: A Memoir of Containment and Coexistence," Brookings, June 2001.

· Loch Johnson, Bombs, Bugs, Drugs, and Thugs: Intelligence and America's Quest for Security (New York U Press, 2000), 288 pages.

· Willard C. Matthias, America's Strategic Blunders: Intelligence Analysis and National Security Policy, 1936-1991

(Pennsylvania State U Press, 2001), 367 pages.

· David F. Rudgers, Creating the Secret State: The Origins of the Central Intelligence Agency, 1943-1947 (U Press of Kansas, 2000), 246 pages.

· Gregory D. Treverton, Reshaping National Intelligence for an Age of Information (Cambridge U Press, July 2001), 282 pages.

http://defence-data.com/current/page11622.htm

DR DOUG GARTHOFF, WHO TEACHES A COURSE ON INTELLIGENCE AT AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, PROVIDES A BRIEF SKETCH OF TWO OF THESE NEW BOOKS:

TREVERTON ("Reshaping National Intelligence ") is described as the acting president and director of studies at the Pacific Council on International Policy and senior consultant at RAND. His book is a summing up of his best thoughts on intelligence across the board. He is an advocate of the "intelligence is information," much of it open, rather than "intel is secrets" school (praises NIO Warning for checking Mexican peso crisis with Wall Street analysts as well as DI ones). He is critical of CIA's DO, and re analysis, he goes for relevance and closeness to policy customer over keep-your-distance objectivity -- sort of a la Gates (with whom he got along well professionally). Treverton's book is of possible use as text (I'm going to use it this fall), [Doug Garthoff]

MATTHIAS ("America's Strategic Blunders") is a ONE veteran, retired from CIA when ONE was abolished in 1973. He's undertaken an interesting memoir-like journey. He connects the OSS and early CIA birthing to the prewar period (an unusual perspective), and he goes through some of the early CIG and CIA "estimates" carefully ... he was there and so is an excellent eyewitness and participant. After giving his take on the ONE days (he was the author of the "Review of the World Situation NIEs), he covers a waterfront of subsequent events he viewed from his retirement perch, his own views. Basic thesis of book is a decades-long struggle between realists re Soviet intentions such as himself, and CIA Team B-like hardliners who in his view overstated their case. Matthias's book is more for Cold War historians. [Doug Garthoff] ++++++ Sent in by John Macartney

Military Medicine-Chemical warfare I ran across this web site which has a great deal of information on chemical warfare. That is the "Textbook of Military Medicine; Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare" (1997). Specialty Editors, Frederick R.

Sidell, M.D. Chemical Casualty Consultant, Ernest T. Takafuji, M.D., M.P.H.

Colonel, Medical Corps, U.S. Army, David R. Franz, D.V.M, PH.D. Colonel,

Veterinary Corps, U.S. Army.See URL: http://ccc.apgea.army.mil/Documents/HTML_Restricted/index.htm

Chapter 34,Trichothecene Mycotoxins

http://ccc.apgea.army.mil/Documents/HTML_Restricted/chapters/chapter_34.htm>,

regarding biological warfare and "yellow rain," was prepared by Robert W.Wannemacher, Jr., PH.D; and Stanley L. Wiener, M.D.

From the past history of Technical intelligence As an FYI, in December 1941, the US Tank Group in PI received TM-E 30-480 1941 edition, Handbook on Japanese Military Forces, with approximately 150 pages. After the war, it was reported by a tank battalion colonel that many of the pages were blank. By 1944, this manual had 401 pages. Today, the 1944 edition has been republished and can be found in bookstores. But both copies are at the library of the US Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks,PA. Many of the pages in the '41 edition are blank. Also, the Tank Group sent an evaluation of Japanese and American armor/equipment out of PI in January, 1942. These were the first US/Japanese armor engagements of the war. I have a copy of the message including the source if you are interested. Jim Roche

Operation Mount Hope III Africa, 1988

Overview: In June 1988, the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment and other US special operations forces received a short notice National Command Authority (NCA) directive to recover an Mi-24 Hind attack helicopter from a remote location in Africa. The Operation, code-named Mount Hope III, required two MH-47 crews to fly 490 miles at night without outside navigational aids, extract the Hind, and return. Within hours, the crews conducted a strategic deployment and executed their mission despite a blinding sand storm. This mission once again demonstrated the ability of man and machine to strike deep and accomplish the mission despite the most demanding flight conditions.

I recommend 'Jihad' by Tom Carew (Mainstream, Edinburgh, 2000) which is the autobiography of a British ex SAS soldier hired by the DIA to go into Afghanistan to collect Soviet kit as early as the Summer of 1980. He collected some parts from a Hind, as well as some of the first examples of the AK-74 and it's 5.45mm ammunition to come into Western hands. Later he ran a training camp for Mujahedin inside Pakistan. An interesting story and a good read. Adrian Weale

Defending Central Europe-Fulda Gap and ADMs.

We had three methods of firing the ADM: (1) radio, (2) wire - really, and (3) dialing a code and running like hell. I always figured things would be so tight that when we dialed (only way I could guarantee that it would go off), we wouldn't have much time to bury or camouflage it, and run like hell to save ourselves. My crew and I figured we would become vapor, and gain our revenge on Ivan by raining vaporized piss on him as he stayed downwind! Ed

That is the problem with being an American trip wire....

Soviet doctrine was to allow the field commander the use of tactical nukes on any target which would impede their advance. Success in battle was required, tactical nukes were a tool in the hands of the field commander to ensure that victory. That is the reason that the Soviet troops trained heavily in CBR environments. They did not fear the use of nuclear weapons by NATO, but were ready to move through CBR environments caused by their own Rocket and Artillery forces. If surprise did not achieve the desired degree of advance, then nukes would.

Soviet Electronic Combat elements were to ensure that radio signals of any type (including nuclear detonation instructions and signals) would not be received as intended. This was not seen as a hindrance to the advancing Soviet units since they did not rely on radio communications for command and control as heavily as the NATO forces did. Jim

AUGUST 6 (MONDAY NIGHT!) TV PROGRAM based on best selling book, "Blind Man's Bluff" about submarine espionage. History Channel,

9pm EST AUGUST 9 TV PROGRAM, "Cover Up," about the Israeli attack on the USS Liberty sigint ship in 1967. History channel, 8pm EST

GERMAN CONVICTED OF SPYING FOR US BY BELARUS COURT. The Belarus Military Court sentenced a German citizen and professor of an American military educational institution, Christopher Letz, to seven years in prison for espionage, Russian and Western news service reported on 21 July. Letz, who worked for the Marshall Center in Germany, was arrested by the FSB in September 2000 in Moscow and handed over to the Belarus KGB. "Kommersant-Daily" suggested that Belarusian President Alyaksandr Lukashenka is using Letz to try to blackmail the West, as he has hinted he might pardon Letz, providing the West "stop interfering in the Belarus elections."

http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/07/230701.html

KATHERINE GRAHAM, INTELLIGENCE AND THE MEDIA. The many well deserved kudos appearing in newspapers, magazines, and

on radio and television following the death of Katherine Graham, owner and publisher of the Washington Post for many years, all emphasize her strong commitment to freedom of the press and her winning fight to publish the so-called "Pentagon Papers" despite government claims of secrecy.

There is another rarely quoted story, however, showing her understanding of the need for secrecy in certain sensitive intelligence matters, and of the damage that can accrue if that secrecy is violated by careless publication. In a speech before the English Speaking Union at the Guildhall in London in 1985, (and repeated as an op-ed in the Washington Post on April 20 1986), while trying to emphasize the extent to which the press is willing to withhold potentially damaging information, she added:

"Tragically, however, we in the media have made mistakes. You may

recall that in April 1983, some sixty people were killed in a bomb attack on the U S Embassy in Beirut. At the time there was coded radio traffic

between Syria, where the operation was run, and Iran, which was supporting it. Alas, one television network and a newspaper columnist reported that the US government had intercepted the traffic. Shortly thereafter the traffic ceased. This undermined efforts to capture the terrorist leaders and eliminated a source of information about future attacks. Five months later, apparently the same terrorists struck again at the Marine Barracks in Beirut; 241 servicemen were killed. " [Mike Levin]

ALLEGED CHINA THREAT BIAS AND "TEAM B" REPORT. Last week, the Washington Times reported that a "Team B" of outside competitive analysts led by retired Army General Tilelli was submitting a classified report that said, in effect, that the CIA's China shop had an "institutional predisposition" to what critics call "panda hugging," that is, taking too soft a view on China. That prompted General Tilelli to issue a brief statement to CIA employees saying the Washington Times was wrong and had misrepresented his panel's findings. While the report itself is still classified, Gen Tilelli stated that his panel found the CIA analysts and personnel were "dedicated, professional, competent, selfless and objective." Furthermore, the panel found their was "no politicization or bias by the analysts in their reporting."

MEANWHILE, THE TIMES (BILL GERTZ) IS APPARENTLY standing by it's story. On July 27th the Times accused "CIA spinners" of deceptive tactics in the matter (see URL). http://www.washtimes.com/national/20010727-81870899.htm

LEGISLATION WOULD REDUCE POLYGRAPHS AT DOE. Worried that the Dept of Energy was being traumatized and possible gutted the requirement to polygraph nearly everyone at the national labs, legislation to would greatly reduce poly requirement.

http://www.fas.org/sgp/congress/2001/s073101.html

CIA ROLE IN PREVENTING US TERRORISM MAY CHANGE. As the two "bottom up reviews" of the IC go forward, there may be some effort to change the strict dichotomy between foreign intelligence (CIA's bag) and domestic crime (FBI's bailiwick).

http://uk.news.yahoo.com/010731/80/bzy6h.html

TWELVE HOUR COMPUTER GLITCH ON SATELLITE. According to Bill Gertz, the NRO last contact with one of it's radar imaging satellites last week. The article also states that there are two radar satellites in orbit as well as one or more E/O satellites

http://www.washingtontimes.com/national/20010726-76644483.htm

MAJ GEN MICHAEL HAYDEN AND NSA. In a Washington Post Magazine cover story, Vernon Loeb outlines NSA's troubles, Gen Hayden's fixes and other things about NSA. Hayden main fix for NSA is portrayed as an "internal coup" to wrest the control of the agency from career bureaucrats and put it back into the director's hands. He did that with a total reorganization, many early retirements (with possible reductions in force (RIF's) to follow, and hiring outsiders, some of whom had never worked in intelligence, at senior levels. Also, Loeb writes, the powers the be downtown and on the Hill are so pleased with Hayden's at NSA, he may be extended there. [Recommended!]

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/style/postmagazine/A44781-2001Jul24.html

MEANWHILE, NSA HIRES PRIVATE CONTRACTOR FOR ITS MANAGEMENT. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A14403-2001Jul31.html

PRESIDENT BUSH HAS GOOD RELATIONSHIP WITH DCI. The CIA and it's Director, George Tenet, have built a good relationship with the President. Tenet meets several times a week with Bush and CIA briefers accompany the President on overseas trips so he can get the "PDF," the President's Daily Brief, while traveling.

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A62277-2001Jul27.html

AIR FORCE TO TEST HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING SATELLITE. [Compton]

http://www.janes.com/aerospace/military/news/jdw/jdw010727_1_n.shtml

AMERICAN FULLBRIGHT SCHOLAR GOT ATTENTION OF FSB. John Tobin, scholar, "party animal," Army reserve intelligence tech, and Russian linguist, has ended up in a Soviet prison and under suspicion of having marijuana and maybe espionage. From searching his apartment after his arrest, the FSB found Tobin's resume among his papers and computer disks. In it they read that he was attached to the Army Reserve's 325th Military Intelligence Battalion, based in Waterbury, Conn. He had joined the reserves as a senior at Ridgefield High. He did so with an eye to college expenses, which were going to be a little steep for his father, who runs a successful but small house painting business. After completing basic training at Fort Jackson, S.C., Tobin, who had earned top scores on his language aptitude tests, was sent to the elite Defense Language Institute in Monterey, Calif. He spent a year there studying Russian and moved on to an eight-week course in basic interrogation at the Army's intelligence training facility in Fort Huachuca, Ariz. After that, he went on to pursue his undergraduate degree at Middlebury.

http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/29/magazine/29TOBIN.html?searchpv=day01

COVERT ACTION HISTORY FOR INDONESIA. In 1998 and 1999 accounts of CIA covert actions in Indonesia, Malaysia the Philippines, and Greece were officially declassified and included in two volumes of the State Dept's documentary history of US foreign policy. However, there was a change of heart and the two volumes were embargoed. However, GPO, apparently by mistake, shipped copies of the first (Indonesia, M, Ph) volume to various GPO bookstores; but the Greece volume is still locked up in GPO warehouses. The CIA's role in the overthrow of Pres Sukarno in Indonesia remains controversial partly because of a pornographic and counterfeit videotape they made to discredit Sukarno and because in the aftermath of the coup, a CIA list of officials in the PKI, the Indonesian communist party, was used to hunt down and kill those officials in a bloodbath that ultimately led to the killing of 100's of thousands of PKI members.

http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/

FEWER THAN 25 FAIL FBI POLYGRAPH EXAMS. According to the Washington Post (7/29, pA9), polygraphs have been administered to about 500 senior FBI officials in the wake of the Robert Hanssen case, and fewer than 25 failed to pass. They will be further investigated. Polygraphs, it is known, have a fairly high "false positive" return, and that is probably all that is involved here.

ACCIDENTAL SPY. It seems an American photo journalist who spent many years in Latin America and shipped home thousands of unpublished photos, had those photos looked at by, apparently, the CIA. Read the story. http://ajr.newslink.org/ajrbigjul01.html

ROBERT HANSSEN INVOLVED IN DOMESTIC SURVEILLANCE.

At the same time he was selling U.S. secrets to the Soviet Union, Former FBI special agent Robert Philip Hanssen was a key supervisor in a 1980s domestic spying program questioning the loyalty of American citizens and monitoring their activities.

http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/la-000061720jul29.story

+++++++++++++++++++

BOOKS & OTHER SOURCES

Douglas MacEachin, US INTELLIGENCE AND THE POLISH CRISIS, 1980-81, CIA/CSI, 2001. New 14 chapter book on CSI web site.

http://www.odci.gov/csi/books/poland/index.htm

"Doug MacEachin has used his considerable skill as an intelligence analyst and historian to detail the intriguing story of the 1980-81 Polish crisis. The description of actual events on the ground, the assessment of these events by intelligence analysts and policymakers, and the US policy process, provided an interesting commentary on both the strengths and weaknesses of the process. The book describes the problem faced by intelligence analysts when they try to forecast

decisions made by foreign actors before the actors themselves have decided what those decisions will be. It also highlights the danger of a current intelligence process that provides a blizzard of information without context and absent a systematic overview of events. Perhaps the key lesson is the consequence of analysts and policy makers alike staying with a "going in" judgment and over time pushing new evidence to make it consistent with that judgment."

http://www.odci.gov/csi/books/poland/index.htm

ALSO FROM CSI: The fall 2000 45th anniversary issue of "Studies in Intelligence" is now available on the website. It carries many important historical articles including one published in 1955 by Sherman Kent.

http://www.odci.gov/csi/studies/fall00/index.html

MEANWHILE, THE WINTER-SPRING 2001 EDITION IS ON THE street in hardcopy and should be posted on the website in the not too distant future (hopefully). I haven't had time to read it, but the contents look very promising: A 50 year look back at " The Alger Hiss Case," Congress the CIA and Guatemala," "Israel's Quest for Satellite Intelligence," "Interviewing an Intelligence Icon: Walter Pforzheimer," and 3 articles on openness. "Openness and the Future of the Clandestine Service," "Openness and the CIA," and "Intelligence and the Market State." The last by Gregory Treverton seems to replicate one thesis of his new book.

USS LIBERTY ARTICLE AVAILABLE ON-LINE AFTER ALL. Conclusions concerning the 1967 attack on the USS Liberty. are available on-line.

"USS LIBERTY. The bloody 1967 Israeli attack on the American SIGINT ship, the USS Liberty, gets more than 50 pages of highly controversial coverage by Bamford, who fervently concludes the attack was deliberate. That conclusion is hotly disputed by Michael Oren in the latest issue of THE NEW REPUBLIC ("Unfriendly Fire," 23 July). The Oren rebuttal, is point by point and quite devastating to Bamford's thesis." http://www.tnr.com/072301/oren072301_print.html

BAMFORD'S REPLY TO A "SECRECY NEWS" ACCOUNT OF HIS book has drawn a reply from Bamford which also includes his a rebuttal of the Oren article above. [This is a controversial and emotional issue which is not going away -- ever. --jdmac]

http://www.fas.org/sgp/eprint/bamford.html

CHARLIE ALLEN, THE ASST DCI FOR COLLECTION and formerly the NIO for Warning, gave a presentation in the Spring of 2000 before the Harvard Seminar on Intelligence, Command and Control. Mr Allen's presentation was entitled, "Intelligence: Cult, Craft or Business." One of the strongest points is the frequently heard idea that the requirements for SMO (Support for Military Operations) is taking up too much of our intelligence capacity, leaving little available to support global level policy, and national level US policymakers. TO GET IT: Go to website below. Click on "Publications" on the left, then scroll down to "Charles E Allen." That will bring up a "blurb" on his paper which you can get in full (PDF) by clicking on "Intelligence: Cult, Craft, or Business?

http://www.pirp.harvard.edu/

LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIST WEN HO LEE HAS WRITTEN A BOOK. Former Los Alamos scientist Wen Ho Lee has written an account of his arrest and imprisonment (and subsequent release) on charges that he mishandled classified info. The book is now in pre-publication review. http://www.hyperionbooks.com/books/2001fall/mycountryversus.htm

MATTHEW AID & CEES WIEBES (Eds), "SECRETS OF SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE DURING THE COLD WAR," Frank Cass, Sep 2001.

http://www.frankcass.com/ +++++++++++++++++++++ John Macartney

Grenades from Gordon Rottman’s up coming book.

RGD-33 Hand Grenade Degtyarev (Ruchnaya Granata Degtyarev-33) This stick grenade was adopted in 1933 as both an offensive and defensive grenade to replace the M-14/30. It was provided with a segmented fragmentation sleeve notched in a diamond pattern, which was habitually fitted. A small stud on the body engaged a spring-lock on the sleeve to hold it in-place. The grenade had an unnecessarily complex arming system. The arming pin was pulled, the spring-loaded telescoping metal handle was pulled back from the head to cock the firing pin, then twisted half a turn to the right to lock the pin, then allowed to pop back forward, and then a safety slide was moved to the left before throwing it. This was a lot to ask of an under-educated peasant soldier during the stress of close combat. Its complexity resulted in it falling from use early in the war, although it appears to have remained in use with the naval infantry well into the war. Several were often fastened together in a bundle to clear fortifications. The RGD-33 is found incorrectly identified as the "RDG-33" in some references.

42M Hand Grenade (42M Kéz Gránát) The 42M* was a stick grenade which had a couple of unusual design features. Rather than a pull-fiction delay fuze as found in most stick grenades, the 42M had a complex percussion fuze mechanism contained within the wooden handle. A web tab was pulled to remove the arming pin which released a spring-loaded firing hammer that activated the delay train. The other unusual feature was that the top of the head was externally threaded and the recessed bottom was internally threaded. This allowed additional heads (with the handles unscrewed) to be attached atop a grenade with its handle as a bunker buster or light tank tread-breaker. Because of a single head's low blast effect, it was comparatively small, it was routine for two heads to used. It was difficult to throw the grenade with three or more heads attached. To prepare it for use the large detonator was inserted in the base of the head and then the handle was screwed in. A fragmentation sleeve with 40 square segments with shallow cuts was available. The inside of its upper end was internally threaded allowing it to mate with the external threads on the top of the head. The sleeve could only be fitted to the upper head if two heads was attached to a grenade. The sleeve was approximately a 1/2-inch thick at its mid-section and 1/8-inch thick at its upper and lower ends. The 42M was used through the Warsaw Pact-era.

The sand-filled, inert training model of the 42M had either a black-painted or blued body with three 1/2-inch wide medium blue bands and a single blue band [usually] near the lower end of the handle. A small tin seal was attached to the arming pin.

* Hungarian weapons used the last two digits of the year of adoption as a designation followed by "M" for Modell.

Weight: 11 oz (310g) Length: overall- 7.62 in (194mm), body- 2.98 in (76mm)*, handle- 4.75 in (120mm)

* The combined length (without handle) of two bodies screwed together was 5-9/16 inches.

Diameter: 1.90 in (48mm)

Construction: stamped steel head, hollow wooden handle Filler: 4.7 oz (134g) TNT

Fuze: 3.5-4.5-sec percussion delay Casualty Radius: approx 4-5 yds